Example Of Technical Evaluation - 740 Words

Technical evaluation Norms The WJIII is a standardised sample consisting of 8818 individuals ranging in age from 2 to 90 years old and taken from over 100 geographically diverse communities from the U.S. and stratified to match the U.S. population. The sampling was selected based on community and subject variables such as community size, gender, race, education and occupation (Blackwell, 2001; Schrank et al., 2002). Reliablity Test reliability is the degree which an assessment tool produces consistent results the are free of measurement errors while test-retest reliability is the reliability of obtaining the same results twice over a period of time (Cozby Bates, 2015). Reliability for all tests except the timed and multi-point†¦show more content†¦The correlations between these tests and the WJIII are between the medium to high range suggesting that the WJIII is measuring cognitive and achievement abilities similar to these tests (Blackwell, 2001). Reviewers’ Comments Cizek (2003) in his mental measurements yearbook (MMY) review commented that the WJIII was developed according to relevant professional standards and provides excellent reliability and validity evidence. He agreed with the WJIII authors that they are justified in their claims that it provides more precise measures and wider coverage of cognitive abilities than found in other similar systems. However he highlights there is room for improvement particularly in the technical and examiners manuals, which would be improved if they included examples of Compusure outputs and interpretations and also specific examples of diagnostic indicator along with recommended interventions. He also noted that the content validity for the WJ ACH needed to be strengthened, as this was an area of weakness. Overall Cizek (2003) concluded that the WJ III is a superior psychometric instrument for those that require individual norm-referenced cognitive andShow MoreRelatedA Systematic Process Of Gathering, Interpreting, And Reporting Information822 Words   |  4 Pages 1. Research (McMillan, pg.5) Book Definition: â€Å"a systematic process of gathering, interpreting, and reporting information.† Technical Definition in my words: a recognized and orderly manner of obtaining data and organizing, analyzing and explaining the data so others can understand it and base decisions on it. Example: The survey provided a voluminous amount of data that was only useful after effective research efforts were performed to make it meaningful. 2. Quantitative (McMillan, pg. 11)Read MoreTechnical Evaluations and Competitive Pricing1467 Words   |  6 PagesTechnical and Cost or Price Evaluations and Price Reasonableness by for Fall 2013 The need for timely and accurate technical and cost or price evaluations and determinations of price reasonableness of multi-billion dollars bids is a critical part of the public sector procurement process. To determine what is involved, this paper provides a review of the relevant literature concerning the need for technical evaluations and factors to be used in determining the competitive range. An outline ofRead MoreProgram Planning Program Evaluation; Peace Domestic Violence Agency1087 Words   |  5 Pagesamp; Program Evaluation; PEACE Domestic Violence Agency HSM 270 Abstract The overall purpose of this paper is to compare program planning with program evaluation in a human service organization by describing how the two components are related. There will be examples of how program planning and evaluation interrelate with the PEACE Domestic Violence Agency scenario from Appendix B. We will also look at the technical and political aspects of program planning and evaluation that might encounterRead MoreProject Management Life Cycle1720 Words   |  7 Pagesadaptable for all types of projects and for all types of system developers and product groups. Additionally, different system development techniques will sometimes require different sets of rules for managing the resulting development activities. For example, a standalone- PC application product requires less detailed management control than a workstation product integrating other applications and running in a large networked environment. It is important to note that the PMLC and Product Development L ifeRead MoreSeen from the responsibilities definitions only, the objective shown in Figure 1 presents the800 Words   |  4 Pagesthe scope of the responsible authority actions in the evaluation. Nevertheless there are intrinsic limitations if people in charge of the operations and actions of the programs didn ´t use the information granted by the evaluations themselves and therefore the final result of social policy could very null or very restricted. Furthermore, if evidence in the prevailing context is unable to lead to action, its utility and the existence of an evaluation area is under doubt. As it is shown in the figureRead MoreThe Importance of Program Evaluation and Three Evaluation Models1606 Words   |  7 Pagesabilities and experiences. Technical Vocational Education and Training (TVET) curriculum helps student develop a broad range of knowledge, skills and attitudes which all contribute to the graduate’s employability (Finch Crunkilton, 1999). Technology in the 21st century is advancing rapidly fuelling the demand for a highly skilled workforce that is flexible and analytical as well as serve as driving forces for creativity, growth, critical thinking and lifelong learning. Technical vocational educationRead MoreThe Planning Processes at the Far West Elementary School: An Analysis931 Words   |  4 Pagesobjectives. The success of the project planned and the means in which it was executed are assessed through evaluations, which represent systematic assessment[s] of the processes and/or outcomes of a program with the intent of furthering its development and improvement (Office of Educational Assessment). The chart below reveals the stages of the planning process and the cyclic nature of evaluation. In other words, there are five stages of project planning, namely needs assessment and goal identificationRead MoreHeartland Company Essay772 Words   |  4 Pagesdefined in Table 1, they were quality, delivery, cost management, technical support and wavelength. The overall evaluation of a supplier was determined by its lowest scoring dimension. The evaluation system and the 2007 evaluations of New England Works and Midwest Bearings are summarized in Table 1. The New England Works Advantage: While both suppliers offered excellent quality, New England Works was rated higher in delivery, technical support and wavelength. Walter Walsh felt that these advantagesRead MoreHistory Of The Small Business Program1500 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction This paper will cover the various topics: the history of the small business program, explain the small business set-aside program, assess the dollar threshold for small business contracts, the purpose of source selection evaluation plan, and ranking of criteria for the scenario. History of the Small Business Program In 1932, President Hoover tried to mitigate the Great Depression by creating The Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC). The purpose of the RFC was to try to help businessesRead Morew3 Designing A Pay Structure Template 11626 Words   |  7 PagesMasters/Graduate 1) expert   4) expert          Degree of Technical Skills Impact of Job Task Complexity 1) zero 1) zero 1) zero 2) minimum 3) minimum 1) minimum 1) average 1) average 2) average 1) expert 1) expert   4) expert Task B: Rationale for Assigning Degrees and Calculation of Job Evaluation Points Explain the rationale for assigning degrees and calculating the job evaluation points and describe your selection of degrees. Job evaluation is the process of methodically establishing a structure

Hrm A Human Resource Management Essay - 2219 Words

Introduction No matter what the size of a business, it is important to have a Human Resource Management (HRM) plan in place. According to Dessler (2013), small companies employ over half the population working in the United States and many individuals graduating over the next several years will either work for a small business or become an entrepreneur. Many small businesses do not have a dedicated human resource manager, so it is imperative that the business owner has a set of â€Å"practices and policies to carry out the personnel aspects† of the organization (Dessler, 2013, p. 2). In this paper, I will look at five areas of HRM necessary for a small business owner to have established policies, in order for the business to succeed and grow, â€Å"a company’s human capital is defined as the collective productive capacity of its employees† (Endres, Chowdhury, Camp Shulze, 2013, p. 64). HRM is the process and function of effectively and fairly managing that h uman capital. The areas of HRM to be discussed are: recruiting, hiring, training, talent management and compensation, which all have an impact on the bottom and line play a key role in the overall strategy of the business. Business Introduction Coco’s Chocolate Cafà © was inspired by a lifelong love of all things chocolate. I wanted to get out of the office and into the community to create a sumptuous haven where people could indulge in rich, creamy, warm chocolates and make them an integral part of their daily lives,Show MoreRelatedHuman Resource Management ( Hrm )1508 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"Human resource management (HRM) is the managing of human skills and talents to make sure they are used effectively and in alignment with an organization’s goals† (Youssef, 2012). The primary role of human resource management is to plan, develop, and order policies and programmers designed to make prompt use of an organization’s human resources. It is that part of management which is concerned with the people at work and with their relationship within an organization. I currently work for a HumanRead MoreHuman Resource Management ( Hrm )1562 Words   |  7 PagesHuman resource ma nagement (HRM) is an important strategic and systematic approach that provides each company with the opportunity to create policies and practices, as well as to establish administrative forms (Pfeffer, 2007). According to Armstrong (2009) HRM is an approach that deals with ‘employment, development, and well-being of the people working in organizations’. However HRM has evolved significantly through the years due to the rapid social, economic, political and environmental changes.Read MoreHuman Resource Management ( Hrm )1142 Words   |  5 Pageshe HRM Process Human Resource Management (HRM) is a combination of elements that work interdependently on each other to carry out the daily functions within an organization. Human Resources Management operates in several roles serving as a liaison between the organization and the employee. This dual role often present challenges within HRM; therefore it is vital the HRM Department is skilled on various issues that may arise on a daily basis within an organization. In this paper, I will discussRead MoreHuman Resource Management ( Hrm )1552 Words   |  7 PagesHuman Resource Management (HRM) is the function within an association that has emphases on the employment of, administration of, and providing direction for the employees within an organization. The Human Resource Management department members deliver knowledge, training, tools, administrative services, and lawful and organization advice. The HRM department is organized by very talented managers who has a mission to make sure the rest o f the business has the needs for successful operation. HumanRead MoreHuman Resource Management ( Hrm ) And Human Resources1452 Words   |  6 Pagesshift in Human Resource Management from collective to individualised approaches to Employee Relations and will also explain the concept of the psychological contract and consider its importance for contemporary Employee Relations practice. â€Å"The terms ‘human resource management’ (HRM) AND ‘human resources’ (HR) have largely replaced the ‘personnel management ‘as a description of the processes involved in managing people in organisation’s† (Armstrong, 2009, p.4). â€Å"Human resource management is definedRead MoreHuman Resource Management ( Hrm )1105 Words   |  5 PagesHuman Resource Management (HRM) is the function within an association that has emphases on the employment of, administration of, and providing direction for the employees within an organization. The Human Resource Management department members deliver knowledge, training, tools, administrative services, and lawful and organization advice. The HRM department is organized by very talented managers who has a mission to make sure the rest of the business has the needs for successful operation. HumanRead MoreHuman Resource Management : Hrm772 Words   |  4 Pagesa brief description of the models of HRM discussed in the first chapter of the textbook, and explain how each one relates to strategic human resource management. Human Resource Management (HRM) at its best seeks to manage people and resources to maximize economic and social outputs. Social output resulting from providing opportunity for advancement will ultimately make employees become true participants in the company. Bratton and Gold (2012) outline six HRM models, they are: the Forbrum, TichyRead MoreHrm And The And Human Resource Management1094 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction The main purpose to write this essay is to analogize the differences in the field of HRM and IR. The Foundation of Industrial Relations and Human Resource Management is based on intense academic study. The essay is an endeavor to illustrate by scrutinizing their objectives and the viewpoints or the approaches of this field. The first part of the essay is an attempt to define HRM and IR and it further continues to explain the differences and similarities between the two. In the lastRead MoreHuman Resource Management ( Hrm )2412 Words   |  10 Pages these human traits can bring considerable benefits to organizations† (Mullins 1999). However, when managed poorly they have the potential to limit organizational growth and threaten the viability of a business. â€Å"There are countless examples of corporate and project crises in the construction sector which have arisen as the result of people s behaviour, and it would seem that human resource management (HRM) has the potential t o eliminate more construction risks than any other management approach†Read MoreHuman Resource Management ( Hrm )1405 Words   |  6 PagesHuman Resource Management (HRM) seeks to manage people and resources to maximize economic and social outputs. Bratton and Gold (2012) outline six HRM models which include: the Forbrum, Tichy and Devanna model, the Harvard model, the Guest model, the Warwick model, The Storey model, and Ulrich’s Strategic Partner model of HRM. Forbrum Tichy and Devanna model of HRM is based on the principle of selecting, appraising, developing and rewarding employees who fulfill management strategic business interests

Marx Philosophy and the End of History Free Essays

string(179) " This change was not permanent but would cease with the end of history, and there would finally emerge a classless society where each person enjoyed the fruits of his own labour\." Karl Marx is, without a doubt one of the most influential thinkers to emerge in the nineteenth century, and the theories he proposed, have influenced various regimes in different parts of the world. His success is the result of the flexibility present in his theories to adapt themselves to the times. In his mid twenties Marx, turned away from philosophy and concentrated his attention more towards the economic and political aspects of the society. We will write a custom essay sample on Marx Philosophy and the End of History or any similar topic only for you Order Now It was in the light of economics that he viewed the problems in society and sought to provide a remedy to it. He viewed society not as an independent entity. Contrarily, he saw, society as a reflection of the progress made by History. The progress made by history always left behind a legacy in its trail. This legacy had a profound impact in the shaping of society. The validity of this statement can be proven, by citing the example of the poverty in the Africa Americans as the legacy of their history as slave labourers. However the direction of History was uncertain and could not be predicted. It was dictated by the economic factors present in society. The only certainty was that an, ‘end of history’ was inevitable. In his theory on Historical Materialism, Marx carefully analyses the various factors influencing the different stages in the growth of society from slavery to modern day capitalism. Thus the views of Marx can be summed up under, four basic principles. Firstly, he believed that society followed a straight law of motion and underwent various phases in order to get to the final stage of Communism. Secondly, the laws governing the society were purely economic in nature, for the only thing that shapes society are the ‘material tools of production. Thirdly, he believed that these laws would continue to be in force until the end of History. Fourthly, the classes and the State would perish with the end of History. However this end would be brought about by a bitter struggle of one class against another. It must be mentioned in this context, that Marx borrowed the concept of a dialectical history, with a cognate beginning, middle and end from Hegel. Marx’s main concern was the ‘State’, which he viewed as the main tool of exploitation. It is the State and its various institutions that are utilised by the dominant class to wield their power. He advocated that the State was the most powerful tool of exploitation, whose sole purpose was to represent the interests of the ruling class. He chose to study the State through the annals of History. To him only ‘History’, could reveal the secrets at work behind the evolution of the state and determine its future shape. However, Marx did not consider History to be an open-ended process. Instead he saw a definite ‘end in history’. This end would result in the downfall of Capitalism and ensue the coming of a new era of Communism. An end in History did not signify an end to human life, it simply meant that there would no longer be any changes in the underlying principles or institutions for all the major problems had been solved and man’s major needs fulfilled. Before we can elaborate on the ‘end of history’, as predicted by Marx, it is essential that we know what history is all about. Marx claims that History has not progressed in a straight line. The coherent development of human societies through the ages has been a result of the various regimes that it has undergone. Marx thus traces the evolutionary process from, tribal based societies which were dependant on slavery and agriculture for subsistence, to theocracies, monarchies, feudal aristocracies, modern liberal democracies and finally to the technologically driven Capitalism. In his study Marx points out that the fundamental element present in all these different societies is the ‘class’ system and the ‘means of production,’ which determined which class would be dominant in the society. The ‘Class’ and the subsequent ‘class struggle’ were the sine qua non of Marx’s theory. History showed that the class who controlled the means of production was the dominant class in society. It is the tools of ruthless dominance and exploitation used by the dominant class to maintain their authority that would one day turn against them and spearhead the inevitable revolutions. History has shown that every revolution brought about a change in the social structure. This change did not bring about an egalitarian order it simply replaced the old dominant class with a new one. The unequal social structure continued to exist. Every revolution just changed the composition of the oppressor and the oppressed. The day that the society became classless would be the day that History came to an end. This end was possible with the rise of Communalism. While proclaiming the advent of Communalism, Marx refused to give a cognate shape to his ideal society. He claimed that the final shape of Communism would be the result of the different historical processes that society underwent. It was not a realisation of a predetermined moral idea. When it came to classes, Marx outlined two major segments into which society was divided. They were the oppressed or the ‘Proletariat’ as he called them and the oppressor or the ‘Bourgeoisie’. When the levels of oppression reached its penultimate point the oppressed class rose in rebellion and the outcome of this rebellion was a new society. Thus Marx stated, â€Å"The history of all hitherto existing societies has been the history of class struggle.† The day history ceases to exist; classes shall also cease to exist. Marx in his theories always stressed on the Historical aspect and asserted that every society contained within itself the forces of contradiction, known as the ‘Thesis’ and ‘Anti Thesis’. When these two contradictory forces clashed against one another, a class struggle emerged that sought to change the shape of society and replace the existing dominant class with a new one. This change was not permanent but would cease with the end of history, and there would finally emerge a classless society where each person enjoyed the fruits of his own labour. You read "Marx Philosophy and the End of History" in category "Essay examples" In his theory on History Marx, points out that in a divided society the tools of production are owned by the dominant section of society who exploit the weaker classes in order to amass more wealth and gain strength. But, there would come a time, when the levels of consciousness would rise among the oppressed class and they would unite in a struggle against the oppressors. History is replete with such examples. The slave society was replaced by the feudal society and the feudal society by the Industrialists or the Bourgeoisie. The coming of the Industrialist Revolution brought a boom in the industry and a new class emerged as the dominant section. They were the Capitalist class who owned the means of production. Like its predecessors the Capitalist society also contained within itself the seeds of dissent. The Capitalists became the dominant class who usurped the means of production and relentlessly exploited the working class or the proletariat. It resulted in the alienation of the worker. The working class was denied of the fruits of its labour and while the rich grew richer the poor grew poorer. The chasm continued to widen with the increase in wealth in the hands of the Capitalists. Despite the contradictions in the Capitalist regime, the ‘Communist Manifesto’ begins by praising the Capitalist system. It says that the Capitalist system has played a revolutionary role in History. It has shown what man’s endeavours can achieve. It has accomplished wonders, which surpasses the wonders of the world. It has conducted exoduses, which have overshadowed all past crusades in the world. Having praised the Capitalist system they go on to say that Capitalism by nature is based on ‘competition’ and the ‘market’. The same dynamics that propel capitalism will also be the reason of its downfall. When there are no more markets left to explore and exploit, the entire buying and selling cycle would collapse. Capitalism would  Ã‚   suffer from the phenomenon of ‘overproduction’ and   would be brought down to its knees. Harping on the ills of Capitalism, the Marxian philosophy, states that the Capitalist system would soon displace the smaller and individual producers. Marx went to the extent of saying that History would witness the replacement of indigenous farming with industrial and mechanised farming. Once this level of exploitation was reached the end of history would not be far away. This exploitation would unleash an era of unemployment and misery among the working class. When living under such miserable conditions became unbearable, history would witness a revolution spearheaded by the working class. Thus what Capitalism produces above all is its own ‘gravediggers’. It is the working class that would lead the final revolution to successfully remove the yoke of Capitalism. But the end of History or Communism as Marx viewed it was not to be achieved easily. The intermediate stage between Capitalism and Communism was the ‘Dictatorship of the Proletariat’. It was in this stage that the proletariat had complete control over the means of production as well as over the various institutions. The downfall of Capitalism, Marx claimed, would bring about the end of History. The phrase ‘end of history’ indicates a society based on Communism. It is a classless and egalitarian society where every man has full right over the fruits of his labour. From the ‘end of history’ there would emerge the final shape of the society. It would no longer undergo any more transformations, since all the major ills plaguing its predecessors had been removed. It was a society where man attained true economic freedom. Keeping in mind the fact that Marxism has a great deal of supporters it cannot be overlooked that the society Marx depicted in the end was more of a utopia rather than a reality. Though Marx’s philosophy has stood the test of times his views on the ‘end of History’ is yet to materialise. If we study the history of the world carefully we can see instances when the Marxian theory has borne fruit, but there have also been instances when the theory failed miserably. The theory of Marx was put to the test with the Russian Revolution. The theory defended itself by proclaiming that Russian society had not passed through the necessary stages in order to qualify as a successful communist society. Though the country was growing rapidly the society was predominantly feudal in nature. It had not been through the phase of Capitalism. The Soviet Union that was the glowing example of the success of Communism also faced failure. The downfall of the Soviet Union exposed the inherent corruption, inefficiency and irrationality present in the society. This picture of a communist society seemed to be absolutely contradictory to the egalitarian and classless society in a Communist Regime envisaged by Marx. The most important fact is that the ‘end of history’ is yet to manifest itself. With the ongoing scenario in the world Capitalism seems to have gained an even stronger foothold. Rather than an impending doom, capitalism is on a rise. The State that was supposed to wither away with the end of history is a far cry away. The State seems to be playing an even more important role today. It is far more intervening in the ways of man than predicted by man. Instead of being a tool of oppression the State has helped in maintaining stability, law and order in society. The end of history as envisaged by Marx is not easy to implement in practice. While envisaging an equal society Marx placed complete faith on the just and truthful nature of man. But man is by nature greedy. His wants keep increasing and to meet these wants he needs to amass resources. Thus, to think that man would be happy in his own little share would be a folly. It is inevitable that a man or a group of men would want to take over the reigns of power. Such a situation would lead to nothing but anarchy and chaos. It is because of the above reasons that the end of history seems such a far-fetched thought. The Marxian theory was not about right or wrong it was simply a theory of history. It followed the trends that had occurred in the past and on the basis of those sought to predict the future trends that would ensue. In so far that the theory acknowledged the presence of exploitation and domination in history it stands fully justified. It is only when it comes to predicting an end to Capitalism that the theory seems to falter. It seeks to attain the unattainable. In view of the above mentioned arguments, and in the light of the real world scenario, we can safely say, that, even though the political, economic and social institutions proposed By Marx are dead or dying away, his theory and influence on the world continue to exist. Works Cited Marx, . Karl,   Fredrick   Engels   and   David   Mclellan   ed,   The   Communist   Manifesto,   Oxford   World’s   Classics   1848 How to cite Marx Philosophy and the End of History, Essay examples

E-Commerce and ICT

Question: Discuss about the E-Commerce and ICT. Answer: Introduction The report shows an analysis of the ecommerce activities of the company GENPACT. The company utilizes Information and Communication technology for supporting their business operations. The various information and digitalized tools like cloud server, big data automation using robotics, virtual data warehousing, and intelligence augmentation that are used in GENPACT ltd is pointed out in the report (Genpact.com 2016). The report has shown some issues that were caused in the BPO operations of GENPACT ltd in their e-commerce operations. The report has a recommendation part where some suggestions for improvement were analyzed. Brief Overview of business giant: GENPACT Ltd GENPACT Ltd. symbolizes generating business impact and it is a global leader for the electronic business management and services. GENPACT Ltd. provides post sales supporting services to the customers with the use of its life cycle management capabilities (Gong and Moller 2012). The company is accustomed to support the entire cycle for the service operations. The service operations range from the service planning to the process of providing service helpdesk and completion. GENPACT Ltd. has developed the product and technical solutions since the last 17 years with designing, operating and transforming the remote multi language and multi channel services to its customers (Genpact.com 2016). The services of GENPACT Ltd. are enhanced by the use of lean Six Sigma, cross functional operations, and analytics designing. Figure 1: Logo of GENPACT (Source: Genpact.com 2016) The company is known for its superior technical, contract management, customer relationship, logistics management, business management, and reporting analytics. The demography of the developing and emerging nations has impact on the demands, intellectual capital, buying capacity, and talent supply for the company. The finance director of Europe and GENPACT Ltd. has been working together for achieving the long term objectives of the company. According to Karnik (2012), Accenture Ltd, Experian Plc, Iron Mountain Inc, URS Corp, and Aecom Technology Corp are some of the competitors of GENPACT Ltd. Figure 2: Comparison of different companies on the basis of market (Source: Genpact.com 2016) Utilization of ICT in e-commercial activities of GENPACT Ltd GENPACT Ltd is prone to provide services for banking, financial, capital markets, insurance, consumer goods, and CFOs. Rapid Automation by robotics GENPACT Ltd utilizes Robotics knowledge for rapid automation. It helps in automatic dual entry of data that has been manual entered in the data system of the company. The automation can be useful for carrying out the simple rule based work and forward them for the approval. The integrated virtual system helps GENPACT ltd for the transfer of the data between the systems effectively instead of the complex IT interface (Ragavan et al. 2014). The response of the data is supported by the automatic extraction and report of the queries in a simple way. Lean Digital Approach Figure 3: Lean Digital thinking in GENPACT (Source: Genpact.com 2016) The surge of the transformation of the digitalization has resulted in adopting models for operations in GENPACT Ltd. GENPACT Ltd has combination of classic and cutting edge processes for the modern advancement. The company utilizes the advanced processes for the central digital technology. Cloud Server: GENPACT Ltd uses cloud server for easing the access of the required data at any point of time. It helps in achieving mobility to the data access. The company has installed SAAS for increasing their performance and business operations. According to Kwon et al. (2014), the multiple versions of SAP and QAD have provided the company scope for global processes for credit and collection. Virtual Data warehousing: GENPACT Ltd utilizes the virtual data warehousing for achievement of round the clock data storage and improved volume handling of data. It provides scalability to the data storage. Intelligence augmentation: GENPACT Ltd needs a straight and through processing for all of their operations (Carmien 2016). It can be achieved by utilizing the concept of intelligence augmentation that allows the company for automatically entering the inputs from the source systems to the required target systems. Cognitive Computing: GENPACT Ltd required some modeling of their strategies for the innovative structure of the system. They implemented Cognitive computing system in their functional operations. It uses data mining, natural language processes, and recognition of patterns for mimicking the work of human brain to develop models for different strategies. Security Model: GENPACT Ltd uses Security Information Event Management (SIEM) tool for boosting their security management and acquired NIDS or network intrusion and detection system in their operations (Stark et al. 2014). The system of NIDS was very reactive for the detection of intrusion and it performed real time monitoring for all the activities of the company. Figure 4: Salary Index with IT impact on GENPACT (Source: Genpact.com 2016) Analysis of initial problems of implementing E-commerce in GENPACT Ltd GENPACT Ltd faced the problem during their transition to the e-commercial operations and implementing the information and communication technological tools. During the implementation of the NIDS in their system, GENPACT Ltd faced some issues like dealing with the volume of the data stored and security lax of companys data. The corporate information required to deal with the alerts of the volume of data (Barrett 2015). It became impossible for the company to deal with the overwhelming alerts from the console of the system. The real time identification and monitoring lagged a lot because of this problem. The limited scope of the tools and technology caused the minimum generation of revenue and hence, they faced some initial losses (Barrett 2015). The critical decisions of the company and essential operations were hindered due to lack of complete system of GENPACT Ltd. The company was initially not benefited much by the e-commerce applications and the system was being used reluctantly. It lacked the need of single console on which the all the operations could have been done efficiently. Hence, there was a downfall in production and conflicts among the operational systems. Advantages of combining E-commerce and ICT by GENPACT Ltd The advantages of ICT and E commerce for GENPACT Ltd can be classified as: In communication: GENPACT Ltd has improved their communication at firm level by utilizing the ICT technology. The cloud server provides scope for easy communication and system management (Filipova 2015). The intranet facility of the cloud server helps in establishing the communication within the company effectively. Reduction of the cost of transaction: GENPACT Ltd has implemented the cognitive computing system and it has helped in reducing the cost for transaction (Filipova 2015). Using the e-commerce system, various transactions have been done easily and without any additional cost with the use of payment platforms. Context with B2C: E-commerce and ICT have made it possible for dealing with the customers more effective. The website provides platform for establishing easy deals with the customers for GENPACT Ltd. Various services can be provided to the customers with the help of ICT tools. Figure 5: Revenue Growth of GENPACT with E-commerce (Source: Genpact.com 2016) Recommendations The company GENPACT Ltd can be benefited by the complete and secure operations with the help of ICT in their e-commerce. Installation of Automated System: GENPACT Ltd would be really benefited by the use of an automated system for performing all the real time operations of the company on a single console. Security Improvement: GENPACT Ltd would be able to protect its data by enhancing the security from the network base attacks. Encryption, Authorization and Firewall are some of the security steps that the company can use for protecting its data and making it secure. Conclusion The report has outlined the application of e-commerce on the business operations of the GENPACT Ltd. The impact of ICT technology and its various tools provide scope for developing new strategies for the business operations. Automation, Cloud based server, Cognitive computation, and intelligence augmentation are some of the ICT implementations in the company. E-commerce and ICT have provided advantages like time management, cost reduction, and easy customer services for GENPACT Ltd. References Barrett, M., 2015. A radically new market environment requires comprehensive data-driven digital collateral management.Journal of Securities Operations Custody,7(2), pp.139-143. Carmien, S., 2016. Assistive Technology Design for Intelligence Augmentation.Synthesis Lectures on Assistive, Rehabilitative, and Health-preserving Technologies,5(2), pp.i-171. Filipova, N., 2015. Factors for success of the business process as a service model. Genpact. (2016).Technology Impact | Genpact. [online] Available at: https://www.genpact.com/technology-impact [Accessed 20 Jul. 2016]. Genpact.com. (2016). [online] Available at: https://www.genpact.com/docs/resource-/50-drop-in-past-due-for-automotive-leader-through-global-ar-transparency [Accessed 20 Jul. 2016]. Genpact.com. (2016).Bpaas, Business Process as a Service Outsourcing, 2 Tier ERP | Genpact.com [online] Available at: https://www.genpact.com/home/solutions/bpaas [Accessed 20 Jul. 2016]. Genpact.com. (2016).Robotics in process operations, rapid automation: Fact vs. fiction. [online] Available at: https://www.genpact.com/infographics/Robotics_in_process_operations,_rapid_automation:_Fact_vs._fiction [Accessed 20 Jul. 2016]. Gong, J. and Moller, C., 2012. Towards a toolbox for a process innovation laboratoryA case study of process innovation at Genpact.Advances in Enterprise Information Systems II, p.111. Karnik, K., 2012.The Coalition of Competitors. HarperCollins Publishers. Kwon, M., Dou, Z., Heinzelman, W., Soyata, T., Ba, H. and Shi, J., 2014, June. Use of network latency profiling and redundancy for cloud server selection. In2014 IEEE 7th International Conference on Cloud Computing(pp. 826-832). IEEE. Kwon, M., Dou, Z., Heinzelman, W., Soyata, T., Ba, H. and Shi, J., 2014, June. Use of network latency profiling and redundancy for cloud server selection. In2014 IEEE 7th International Conference on Cloud Computing(pp. 826-832). IEEE. Ragavan, S.V., Ganapathy, V. and Kusnanto, I.K., 2014. Rapid Automation Application Deployment Framework for Real Time Process and Industrial Automation Systems.International Journal of Computer Theory and Engineering,6(6), p.515. Stark, G.J. and Neugebauer, R., Netronome Systems, Inc., 2014.Network interface device that maps host bus writes of configuration information for virtual nids into a small transactional memory. U.S. Patent Application 14/172,844.

Night Essays (1222 words) - Human Rights Abuses,

Night From the View of an S.S. Officer This whole situation started out simple enough. The men and myself first moved into this little town called Sighet. The people there seemed so naive. None of them realized what was about to happen; none of them realized what happened when the Germans move into town. We first started by imprisoning the officials and made all the Jews were yellow stars. The Jews were then moved into a very small ghetto and cramped quarters. It was obvious that none of them had heard of the horror of the concentration camps and what awaited them once they left the safety of their homes. Me and some of the other officers tried to be nice to the Jews because I, personally, hated carrying around this gun. Once you were in the camp the site of these officers holding these weapons struck fear into the hearts of all in the camp. We had finally gotten all of the people of the town of Sighet onto the train and had started the journey towards Auschwitz. The condition on the train is something I don't think I could have stood for. The Germans were put in charge of the train in the middle of the journey. The officers were told to collect any valuable from the people on the train and if they refused to yield their valuables, the were to be shot. As I have said I hated carrying around this gun but I did have a job to do and I was willing to follow orders if need be. Luckily I never had to unload a single shot on that train. Some people on the train were in very bad shape. They were hallucinating and many of them simply couldn't take the heat and the smell any longer. They were beginning to go crazy. The officers had a meeting and we were told to tell them that they were all just going to a labor camp and the families would be kept together. The lying was also a normal part of my job. Little did they know that they were going to a terrible place in which the males and females would be seperated and all of the people had a slim chance of even making past the inspections. Before arriving at Auschwitz we came to a "filtering" camp called Birkenau. The men and women were separated and taken to separated and taken to the barracks. I hear the prisoners talking sometimes. Some of them have been in this camp for a while and some of them are friends to those who are just arriving. These prisoners know that only the youngest and strongest survive. I know some of them have to be lying about their age. Boys that are barely 15 claiming they are 18, but they only want what everybody else at the camps want; to stay alive. Some prisoners and myself were transferred to a camp named Buna. It was a four-hour walk to the camp and once we got there the prisoners were required to undergo more medical exams to make sure they are still fit to work. The dentist even went as far as to remove the gold crowns in prisoners' teeth. Things were going well for a few months although the officers, and myself would take nothing less than hard work and cooperation from everyone. One day we had an unexpected air raid on Buna. The planes showered the camp with bombs and that is when things started to get out of control. People were trying to get away, stealing items, and trying to sneak some extra rations of soup. The officers were told to publicly hang anyone who broke the rules during this attack. We were made to do it in front of the entire camp so they could see what would happen if a person disobeyed. I was put in charge of supervising the hanging, but I couldn't let morals get in the way. I was put here to do a job an d that is what I had to do. We exucuted 4 people in total, including a small child just for trying to get food. I was aware that the Jewish holidays were approaching

Free Essays on Accountants

Thesis: An accountant has many choices to what particular field of accounting to specialize in depending on the financial information she wants to analyze and how it is done. Class: Accountants Special Interest: Analyzing Financial Information Subclasses: Financial accountants Tax accountants Internal auditors A college student decides she wants to become an accountant. General accounting and bookkeeping classes can be taken in high school. In college, the student needs to decide on a more specific field of accounting. An accountant has many choices as to what particular field of accounting to specialize in depending on the financial information she wants to analyze and how it is done. Financial accountants, tax accountants and internal auditors are all accountants in general, but require different training and work methods. A financial accountant records economic data and periodically prepares reports that show profit and other financial information of a company using the generally accepted accounting principles. The reports prepared by the accountant are useful for managers, and also for owners, creditors and the public. Based on information in the reports the public can use the reports to choose a company to invest in. Because a financial accountant is employed by an individual company, she is considered a private accountant. Another type of accountant is a tax accountant. A tax accountant prepares yearly tax returns for individual clients. The accountants have to use constant data such as rates of pay and other information to determine the proper amount of taxes to be paid. These accountants have to take a class once a year to catch up on yearly changes in tax laws and regulations. If a tax accountant has met state experience requirements, she may want to take exams to become a Certified Public Accountant (CPA). A third type of accountant is an internal auditor. Auditors are sponsored by the Institute of Internal... Free Essays on Accountants Free Essays on Accountants Thesis: An accountant has many choices to what particular field of accounting to specialize in depending on the financial information she wants to analyze and how it is done. Class: Accountants Special Interest: Analyzing Financial Information Subclasses: Financial accountants Tax accountants Internal auditors A college student decides she wants to become an accountant. General accounting and bookkeeping classes can be taken in high school. In college, the student needs to decide on a more specific field of accounting. An accountant has many choices as to what particular field of accounting to specialize in depending on the financial information she wants to analyze and how it is done. Financial accountants, tax accountants and internal auditors are all accountants in general, but require different training and work methods. A financial accountant records economic data and periodically prepares reports that show profit and other financial information of a company using the generally accepted accounting principles. The reports prepared by the accountant are useful for managers, and also for owners, creditors and the public. Based on information in the reports the public can use the reports to choose a company to invest in. Because a financial accountant is employed by an individual company, she is considered a private accountant. Another type of accountant is a tax accountant. A tax accountant prepares yearly tax returns for individual clients. The accountants have to use constant data such as rates of pay and other information to determine the proper amount of taxes to be paid. These accountants have to take a class once a year to catch up on yearly changes in tax laws and regulations. If a tax accountant has met state experience requirements, she may want to take exams to become a Certified Public Accountant (CPA). A third type of accountant is an internal auditor. Auditors are sponsored by the Institute of Internal...

Markets and Society Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Markets and Society - Essay Example But who is Smith? Adam Smith contributes to the Scottish Enlightenment in the 18th century. He was born in born in 1723 in Kirkcaldy, Fife, Scotland and later enjoyed scholarship at the University of Glasgow (Smith, 1994). At 14, he continued his studies at Balliol College at Oxford (Smith, 1994). He became a professor at the University of Glasgow teaching logic course in 1751 and extolled later as the chair of moral philosophy in 1752 (Smith, 1994). Some of Smith’s academic studies were inked in his work of Theory of Moral Sentiments publicized in 1759 (Smith, 1994). In 1764, Smith decided to leave the academe and tutor the Duke of Buccleuch. Only after he retired whence he started writing the book on Wealth of Nations. Smith remained single all his life and died in Edinburgh in 1790 (Henderson, 2007). Although Smith was considered as economist by heart, he was primarily a philosopher and his teachings are inspired by philosophy. Since the theory is philosophically explicated , the contemporary economic disciplined remained applicable up to these days (Smith, 1994). Smith is considered by economists worldwide as the â€Å"father of economics†. He wrote the most integrated and influential book â€Å"An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations† in 1776 (Smith, 1994). ... 1).† Smith was the first author who viewed the significance of the specialization and division of labor as primary source of productivity and the principle of â€Å"invisible hand† to illustrate the potential tendency of self-interest-motivated individuals to be directed to undertake works and collaborative activities in accordance to free market system and based on legislated economic and market policies (Smith, 1994; Henderson, 2007). Division of Labor & Contemporary Implications The increase of population, peoples’ migration, and increasing needs of urbanization found division of labor as mechanism to address problems on scarcity of goods and needs for trading. With labor being categorized based on their expertise and skills, companies created branches or divisions to meet its peculiar production needs with the use of technology. For instance, in the production of microSD chips, the ten persons are expected to produce at least a specific number per day. Hence, the division of labor remained significant up to these days because companies are still bound by targeted results with the highest level of industry as desired consequence. This is also true to agro-industrial company. For example, in a pineapple company, the farm-workers are divided into managers, ploughman, harrower, sower, reaper or harvester, pealer, cutter, canning, and labeling. The work forcers will also have that in-charge for marketing, distribution, and accountants. All of these functions are technologically assisted to keep pace with the improvement of trading relations; supply-demand factors; and by the drive for profit. Modern economists call this systematization of labor forces as optimization of performance management. In this theory, workers are

A New Computer System for Staples (part 4) Essay

A New Computer System for Staples (part 4) - Essay Example Primarily, it is needed for a widening of market operations to cover the world in scanning for opportunity and threat. The decision to enter markets outside the home country depends on a company's resources, its managerial mind-set, and the nature of opportunity and threat (Keegan, Green, 2003). Marketing in diverse countries allows Staples to reach wider target audience and take market share from an established competitor. Using the market research Staples can develop new products for existing markets or develop new products for new markets. The advantage of product originality will allow Staples to create a strong international brand image. Brand loyalty will also be important factor in increasing the costs for customers of switching the products of new competitors. Using an international market development strategy, Staples will capture a larger share of a market for current products through market saturation and market penetration. Taking into consideration rapidly changing environment and customers expectations it is not enough to operate only on a national market. Global marketing will help Staples substantially increase the level of sales (Evans, et al 2004). To get the message different types of media will be used in accordance with particulate audience. Media selection will involve choice between alternatives. Therefore, for maximum penetration it may help to select primary (first choice) media that interlock or cross support each other. If deeper penetration into the same target market, for example, is required, then vertical advertising in the media that reach the same target market will be sought. For example, advertising on commercial television may be linked with advertising in the magazine that provides the programme schedules for viewers, or local radio advertising in an area may be accompanied by direct mail or press advertising. Direct marketing refers to the marketing operations where company sale is made directly to the purchaser without any conventional distributors being involved. Direct marketing involve a number of different methods which can be used in order to reach, communicate, interest and encourage consumers to buy. The methods are: direct response advertisements direct mail and mail drops personal (direct) selling Catalogue selling (McDonald, Christopher, 2003). Mail drops on the other hand are where the delivery of promotional literature to potential customers is undertaken by agents. It may involve posting through letter boxes, handing promotion literature out in the streets, or even placing literature under the windscreen wipers of cars. It can help a company reach a widely dispersed target market, present its message in a very personalized way addressing letters directly to potential buyers (Stone, 2001). Advertisements will also be placed in the Press, on TV and radio and consumers will be encouraged to order directly by telephoning or writing to the supplier of the goods or by filling in a coupon which may be incorporated in a Press advertisement. 'Off-the-page' purchasing of this nature relies on impulse, and there is a need to present an attractive proposition. The advertisement used must be informative enough to enable Staples existing customers to make a decision to purchase. Alternatively the advert may invite the potential customer to write in or phone for a catalogue or leaflet listing the full range of services. The

Family of the Hearts Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Family of the Hearts - Essay Example The family is definitely one of the most important parts of the life of any person without which a person feels very lonely and sad at times. One can create the definition of a family by many different ways but the real and authentic meaning for the family is to live with people having emotions and feelings for each other. A person living with his/her family is able to enjoy life more than a person living alone. Therefore, after completing my education if I will have to decide whether I should live alone in America or with my family, I will definitely vote to live with my family. Being the first born in a family of three, I sometimes do feel the guilt of not being around my siblings to show them the right thing to do in the absence of my parents. This is so because whenever I am with them and my parents are not around, I take the full responsibility of being a parent to them. Although being away from my family is not for a bad course, I do not get that full satisfaction I usually get when being around them. Staying away from them has made realize how important my family is and that distance plays an important role in strengthening a family as a unit. Â   My extended family plays an important role just like my nuclear family. Even though being away from them too, I cannot get enough of their calls and the precious gifts they send me often. They shower me with love that rivals that of my dad, mum, and siblings. This is a clear example of how a family should be, not even friends can rival that bond created by family members.

Arlo Smart Home Security Camera Review

Arlo Smart Home Security Camera Review It is now even easier to install home surveillance systems especially with the proliferation of Wi-Fi cameras. The main issue with these cameras is that they require Ac power source meaning they can only be used indoors. This problem has been overcome by the introduction of Arlo security system from Netgear. It is designed to overcome the limitation by using battery-powered cameras that are linked to the base station via a Wi-Fi network. They offer very sharp video output and are very easy to install, they however dont offer audio to conserve the power, neither can you pan and zoom. Pros Completely wireless Small size camera design Easy to install Excellent quality color and night vision video Free cloud storage Weatherproof Easy to use apps Customization notification Cons Lacks audio recording No dynamic zoom, tilt and pan functions Night vision has no color Cameras secured on mount by magnets hence easy to steal When you exceed 5 cameras, you have to pay a monthly cloud storage fees of $9.99 Free recording is only for 7 days In high temperatures, the battery level indicator may wrongly how low battery Unboxing When you receive your brand new Arlo security system, the first thing is to hurriedly unbox it. It is however advised that you carefully and systematically take the contents apart in preparation to install in order to avoid any damage to the cameras or base station. If you are not confident enough to open the box, consider watching a video that shows how to unbox the package as carefully as possible. They will also guide you on how to install and setup the entire system without a glitch juts like an expert. Contents of the box US power plug with both EU and UK adapter Ethernet cable Wall plugs 8 lithium 123batteries 4 wall mounts The base station for the cameras 2 wireless cameras with a standard camera mount, an alternative to the magnetic mount. Design / Highlights The Arlo Smart home security camera review has a wonderful design. The package includes two cameras, the base station, Ethernet cable and 8 lithium batteries, four for each camera. It is possible to purchase a single camera set for $199.99 and get additional cameras at $159.99 each and ad them to the base station. It is equipped with 4 semi-round metallic mounting accessories that can be attached to the wall with the provided screws and dry wall anchors. The cameras have powerful magnets at the back of the housing for attaching them to the mounting devices without needing any screws or any hardware. Any flat surface or the refrigerator can serve as a mounting point for the camera. Both the cameras and the base station housing are done in a glossy white finish making them very beautiful. The cameras are 2.5 x1.6 x 2.8 inches and weighs 4 ounces. They are IP65 waterproof rated meaning they can be used outdoors in the rain and can manage temperatures from 14 to 122 degrees F to withstand the most extreme outdoors weather conditions. Technical Features Important features Wi-Fi communication The cameras communicates with the base station via a Wi-Fi network with a maximum range of 300 feet. Walls and other structures are known to diminish this distance. Base station Measuring 6.5 x 8.5 x 2.3 inches, the white base station has a LAN port, 2 USB ports, a power button, 5 LED status indicators, power jack at the back and reset switch. Its smart home and USB indicators are reserved for use in the future to manage your home mat features in addition to the surveillance cameras. Apps The Arlo app for iOS and Android and a web portal to allow logging in and managing your cameras from your browser anywhere you are. The opened app presents you with a split screen showing each camera and the last image captured. Each screen shows the camera name, date and time and its battery level. It also shows the motion detection icon and Wi-Fi indicator. You have to pres the play button for it to record live, this will continue till you leave the app. This video on demand feature helps a lot in saving the battery and bandwidth. When you click on the library you will have access to all the stored video and snapshots from where you can favourite, email, download to your device or delete. Motion detection sensitivity This system allows you to tune the sensitivity of the cameras motion detection. You can set the dates and time when it is enabled and disabled and also set the video quality. Performance review Pan and zoom are completely digital to save power. They must be reset in the settings so no dynamic pan, tilt and zoom. The cameras each use 4 CR123 batteries that can last up to 6 months when used optimally. The motion detection function can be configured to send push and email alerts. The cameras have a maximum resolution of 1280 x 720 and a 130 degree field of view. The 12 infrared LEDs provides up to 25 feet of night vision. It delivers sharp colored 720p videos during the day and excellent black and white video using the night vision at night though from 20 feet, the details becomes muddy. It has a couple of seconds lag between live action and the app display. The motion detection works perfectly as long as it is set to moderate sensitivity where it ignores slight movements like a moving tree in the wind. Final Verdict This Arlo Smart Home Security Camera Review shows that the security system provides a lot of flexibility in planning for your home surveillance. You can place the cameras anywhere within the wireless range and monitor your home from anywhere you are. The battery power may be the only major downside since they dont last too long but contribute to the flexibility since you can now install cameras even where there is no power source. It is weatherproof and also saves to the cloud for easy access and to provide additional security for the recordings themselves.

Telecommunication Essay -- Technology Computer Networks Essays

Telecommunication 1. Introduction   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Computer and telephone networks inflict a gigantic impact on today's society. From letting you call John in Calgary to letting you make a withdraw at your friendly ATM machine they control the flow of information. But today's complicated and expensive networks did not start out big and complicated but rather as a wire and two terminals back in 1844. From these simple networks to the communication giants of today we will look at the evolution of the network and the basis on which it functions. 2. The Beginnings 2.1. Dot Dot Dot Dash Dash Dash Dot Dot Dot   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The network is defined as a system of lines or structures that cross. In telecommunications this is a connection of peripherals together so that they can exchange information. The first such exchange of information was on May 24, 1844 when Samuel Morse sent the famous message "What hath God wrought" from the US Capitol in Washington D.C. across a 37 mile wire to Baltimore using the telegraph. The telegraph is basically an electromagnet connected to a battery via a switch. When the switch is down the current flows from the battery through the key, down the wire, and into the sounder at the other end of the line. By itself the telegraph could express only two states, on or off. This limitation was eliminated by the fact that it was the duration of the connection that determined the dot and dash from each other being short and long respectively. From these combinations of dots and dashes the Morse code was formed. The code included all the letters of the English alphabet, all the numbers and several punctuation marks. A variation to the telegraph was a receiving module that Morse had invented. The module consisted of a mechanically operated pencil and a roll of paper. When a message was received the pencil would draw the corresponding dashes and dots on the paper to be deciphered later. Many inventors including Alexander Bell and Thomas Edison sought to revolutionize the telegraph. Edison devised a deciphering machine. This machine when receiving Morse code would print letters corresponding to the Morse code on a roll of paper hence eliminating the need for decoding the code. 2.2. Mr. Watson, Come Here!   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The first successful telephone was invented by Alexander Graham Bell. He along with Elisha Gray fought against t... ... they use different addressing protocols, only routers may be used. During these times MANs (Metropolitan Area Networks) are in use and development today. These use routers that are connected preferably via a fiber optic cable, to create one large network. 5.2. Pluto Calling Earth!   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Any networks larger than 1000m typically rely on telephone digital lines for data transfer. These networks are called Circuit Switched Digital Networks . Circuit Switched Digital Networks utilize a switching matrix at the central office of a telephone company that connects local calls to long distance services. The Telephone companies now offer dial up circuits with signaling rates of 56, 64, and 384 kilobits per second as well as 1.544 megabits per second. Another type of LAN to LAN connections are packet switching networks. These are services that a network router calls up on a digital line. They consist of a group of packet switches that are connected via intraswitch trunks (usually fiber optic) that relay addressed packets of information between them. Once the packet reaches the destination packet switch, it sends it via another digital connection to the receiving router. Telecommunication Essay -- Technology Computer Networks Essays Telecommunication 1. Introduction   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Computer and telephone networks inflict a gigantic impact on today's society. From letting you call John in Calgary to letting you make a withdraw at your friendly ATM machine they control the flow of information. But today's complicated and expensive networks did not start out big and complicated but rather as a wire and two terminals back in 1844. From these simple networks to the communication giants of today we will look at the evolution of the network and the basis on which it functions. 2. The Beginnings 2.1. Dot Dot Dot Dash Dash Dash Dot Dot Dot   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The network is defined as a system of lines or structures that cross. In telecommunications this is a connection of peripherals together so that they can exchange information. The first such exchange of information was on May 24, 1844 when Samuel Morse sent the famous message "What hath God wrought" from the US Capitol in Washington D.C. across a 37 mile wire to Baltimore using the telegraph. The telegraph is basically an electromagnet connected to a battery via a switch. When the switch is down the current flows from the battery through the key, down the wire, and into the sounder at the other end of the line. By itself the telegraph could express only two states, on or off. This limitation was eliminated by the fact that it was the duration of the connection that determined the dot and dash from each other being short and long respectively. From these combinations of dots and dashes the Morse code was formed. The code included all the letters of the English alphabet, all the numbers and several punctuation marks. A variation to the telegraph was a receiving module that Morse had invented. The module consisted of a mechanically operated pencil and a roll of paper. When a message was received the pencil would draw the corresponding dashes and dots on the paper to be deciphered later. Many inventors including Alexander Bell and Thomas Edison sought to revolutionize the telegraph. Edison devised a deciphering machine. This machine when receiving Morse code would print letters corresponding to the Morse code on a roll of paper hence eliminating the need for decoding the code. 2.2. Mr. Watson, Come Here!   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The first successful telephone was invented by Alexander Graham Bell. He along with Elisha Gray fought against t... ... they use different addressing protocols, only routers may be used. During these times MANs (Metropolitan Area Networks) are in use and development today. These use routers that are connected preferably via a fiber optic cable, to create one large network. 5.2. Pluto Calling Earth!   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Any networks larger than 1000m typically rely on telephone digital lines for data transfer. These networks are called Circuit Switched Digital Networks . Circuit Switched Digital Networks utilize a switching matrix at the central office of a telephone company that connects local calls to long distance services. The Telephone companies now offer dial up circuits with signaling rates of 56, 64, and 384 kilobits per second as well as 1.544 megabits per second. Another type of LAN to LAN connections are packet switching networks. These are services that a network router calls up on a digital line. They consist of a group of packet switches that are connected via intraswitch trunks (usually fiber optic) that relay addressed packets of information between them. Once the packet reaches the destination packet switch, it sends it via another digital connection to the receiving router.